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Letterhead organization
In American politics, a letterhead organization (or letterhead group) is a public policy or other group lacking substantial active membership. In contrast to other civic organizations, letterhead organizations function through issuance of public letters or other materials using names of notable persons (as on a "letterhead") to inherit their authority, rather than having authority based for example a large number of members.
The term has also been used in other countries, such as Canada,〔(Village Politics and the Mafia in Sicily ) Filippo Sabetti; McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, Nov 14, 2002, (usage in Canada about Italian groups) pages 118, 172〕 and dates back to before 1921.〔( Department of Public Welfare: Hearing Before the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Sixty-Seventh Congress, First Session, on S. 408, a Bill to Establish a Department of Social Welfare ) United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor; U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921 ; page 42 ''"Does that cover the civic associations of Chicago, or is it just a letterhead organization?"''〕 Before that, the term "paper organization", implying that an organization only existed on paper, was in common use. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in 1876 referred to a proposed Army Corps as a "paper organisation" as not actually composed of men and equipment.〔(Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 119 ) William Blackwood, 1876〕
By 1972, the use of such organizations was becoming common. After Nixon's was re-elected president in 1972, anti-McGovern Democrats founded the ''Coalition for a Democratic Majority'' (CDM), appointing as its director Penn Kemble. The CDM's letterhead listed "House Speaker-to-be Tom Foley, Ambassador-to-be Jeane Kirkpatrick, civil rights leaders Bayard Rustin, Velma and Norman Hill, the "boss"of Montgomery County Democratic politics Dick Schifter, Ambassador-to-be Peter Rosenblatt and Arms-Control Negotiator-to-be Max Kampelman"; the new organization placed full-page advertisements in ''The New York Times'' and ''The Washington Post''. An initial contributor to the CDM was the Committee on Political Education of the AFL-CIO. "Letterhead organizations, I realized, could get ink for a point of view, and influence policy", wrote Ben Wattenberg in discussing Kemble and CDM. Later, Kemble used a similar strategy in founding the Institute for Religion and Democracy and other letterhead organizations.〔(Passing of a patriot ) The Washington Times, October 22, 2005; by Ben Wattenberg〕
==Pejorative use==
The term "letterhead organization" has been used as a pejorative, to stress the small scale of the group or its alleged influence by virtue of its "letterhead members" rather than by its own activities. Some letterhead organizations have been alleged to have motivated by more by fundraising than by influencing policy or informing the public.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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